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Braintree Instructions
The Braintree Instructions was a document sent on September 24, 1765 by the town meeting of Braintree, Massachusetts to the town's representative at the Massachusetts General Court, or legislature, which instructed the representative to oppose the Stamp Act, a tax regime which had recently been adopted by the British Parliament in London. The document is significant because, following the Virginia Resolves, it was among the earliest in British America to officially reject the authority of Parliament over the colonies in North America. The instructions were written by John Adams, who would ten years later become a key figure in the American Revolution and ultimately be elected the second President of the United States in 1796.
==Background==
The Stamp Act of 1765 (short title ''Duties in American Colonies Act 1765''; 5 George III, c. 12) required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper made in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp.〔"The Stamp Act of 1765 - A Serendipitous Find" by Hermann Ivester in ''The Revenue Journal'', The Revenue Society, Vol.XX, No.3, December 2009, pp.87-89.〕 These printed materials were legal documents, magazines, newspapers and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies. The tax was to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money.〔Wood, Gordon S. "The American Revolution: A History" Modern Library. 2002, page 24.〕 The purpose of the tax was to help pay for troops stationed in North America after the British victory in the Seven Years' War.
Negative reaction to the tax in British America was concerned not only with economic hardship imposed by it but also by constitutional issues of taxation without representation and enforcement by courts without juries. In May, 1765 in Virginia, the House of Burgesses passed a series of resolutions promoted by Patrick Henry which objected specifically to the imposition of tax without representation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.history.org/history/teaching/tchcrvar.cfm )〕 In Massachusetts, opposition to the tax was strong in Boston. On June 6, 1765 the Massachusetts Lower House proposed a meeting for the 1st Tuesday of October in New York City:
Opposition to the previously imposed Sugar Act in Boston was led in 1764 by Samuel Adams.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/adams.cfm )〕 In Braintree, a village south of Boston, Adams' cousin John Adams was a young lawyer who had become active in politics. In preparation for the planned meeting which would eventually be realized as the Stamp Act Congress, John Adams drafted instructions issued to the town's representative Ebenezer Thayer, Jr. outlining opposition to the tax on several constitutional grounds. The Braintree Instructions were published in the ''Massachusetts Gazette'' on October 10, 1765 and four days later in the ''Boston Gazette''. Eventually Adams' language was adopted by over forty other towns in Massachusetts, including portions which were used by Samuel Adams in the document drafted for Boston.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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